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KMID : 0904520170460010031
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Health and Medical Sociology
2017 Volume.46 No. 1 p.31 ~ p.59
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A Study on the Change Process of Asylums of England in 19th Century
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Lim Yen-Jung
Jung Eun-Hee
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Abstract
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The mental health policy of England in nineteenth century was focused on the moral therapy in moral architecture for mentally ill patients based on the County Asylum Acts(1845). The cultivating in-depth discussions about the design of ‘ideal’ asylum for treating mental illness in this century has also affected the change in mental health facilities in Europe and the U.S.
The purpose of this research is to explore the relationship between the physical environment of asylums and treatment factors of mental illness in nineteenth century in England using following process. First, we considered the historical backgrounds on the expansion of asylums of England in the 19th century. Second, We examined and analyzed the ‘ideal plan’ for asylum by architects and psychiatric specialists involved in design phase. Third, the case study was conducted for analyzing the County asylums" spatial compositions and their development given the institutional support from Counties during the 19th century in England.
The summary of the results of the study is outlined below. First, in the 19th century, England expanded lunatic pauper asylums based on the state-driven facility management system and law. Second, based on the institutional supports, discussions on ideal physical environment of asylum for the treatment of mental illness were arranged from the early design phase of asylums. Third, the major environmental factors presented in the ideal plan are : patient classification, kindness to patients, patient privacy, cleanness, support for recovery from mental illness and social rehabilitation, physical activity, and small and intimate space for patient. Fourth, by the mid-19th century, the ideal plan for asylum was reflected in the actual architecture, but it was not sustainable because of the rapid increase of patients in asylums in the latter part of the nineteenth century. The findings from research will hopefully serve as historical base data to plan a policy and practice for the mentally ill people and facilities where they stay.
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KEYWORD
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Asylums of 19th century in England, Mental healthcare facilities, Mental health architecture, History of mental health facilities, Therapeutic environment, Built environment
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